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treatise on agriculture

  • 1 कृषिः _kṛṣiḥ

    कृषिः f. [कृष्-इक्; cf. P.III.3.18 Vārt.8]
    1 Plou- ghing.
    -2 Agriculture, husbandry; चीयते बालिशस्यापि सत्क्षेत्रपतिता कृषिः Mu.1.3; कृषिः क्लिष्टा$वृष्ट्या Pt.1.11; Ms.1.9,3.64,1.79; Bg.18.44.
    -3 The harvest (कृषिफल); Y.1.276.
    -4 The earth; Mb.5.
    -Comp. -कर्मन् n. agriculture.
    -जीविन् a. living by husban- dry.
    -द्विष्टः a kind of sparrow.
    -पराशरः, -संग्रहः N. of a treatise on agriculture (see Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Vol.XXXVI Nos. 1-2.)
    -फलम् agricultural produce or profit; Me.16.
    -सेवा agriculture, husbandry.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > कृषिः _kṛṣiḥ

  • 2 γεωργικός

    A agricultural,

    σκεύη Ar. Pax 552

    ;

    κόποι γ. CIG4659

     (Palestine, iii A. D.);

    ὑπηρεσία BGU 197.17

     (i A. D.); βιβλίον γ. a book on rural economy, Plu.Cato Ma.25; ἡ γ. (sc. τέχνη) agriculture, farming, Pl.Lg. 889d, etc.; τὰ γ. lands, Chrysipp.Stoic.3.180; also, treatise on agriculture, Democr.26b, Ath. 14.649d; esp. that of Nicander, Id.3.92c.
    II occupied or skilled in farming, Arist.Pol. 1317a25; δῆμος ib. 1318b9;

    λεώς Ar. Pax 920

    :— as Subst., a good farmer, Pl.Ap. 20b, etc.; fond of rural pursuits, Plu.2.268c. Adv.

    - κῶς Poll.7.141

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > γεωργικός

  • 3 Marshall, William

    [br]
    b. baptized 28 July 1745 Yorkshire, England
    d. 1818 Pickering, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    English commentator and writer on agriculture who established the first agricultural college in Britain.
    [br]
    Little is known for certain about William Marshall's early life, other than that he was baptized at Sinnington in the West Riding of Yorkshire. On his own account he was involved in trade in the West Indies from the age of 15 for a period of fourteen years. It is assumed that he was financially successful in this, for on his return to England in 1774 he was able to purchase Addisham Farm in Surrey. Having sacked his bailiff he determined to keep a minute book relating to all transactions on the farm, which he was now managing for himself. On these entries he made additional comments. The publication of these writings was the beginning of a substantial review of agriculture in Britain and a criticism of existing practices. From 1779 he acted as agent on a Norfolk estate, and his five years in that position resulted in The Rural Economy of Norfolk, the first of a series of county reviews that he was to write, intending the somewhat ambitious task of surveying the whole country. By 1808 Marshall had accumulated sufficient capital to be able to purchase a substantial property in the Vale of Cleveland, where he lived for the rest of his life. At the time of his death he was engaged in the erection of a building to serve as an agricultural college; the same building is now a rural-life museum.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Scotland in 1794, and Planting and Rural Ornament in 1796. He also wrote On the Enclosure of Commonable and Intermixed Lands in 1801, On the Landed Property of England, an Elementary Practical Treatise in 1804, and On the Management of Landed Estates in 1806. He was not asked to write any of the County Surveys produced by the Board of Agriculture, despite his own claims to the origin of the idea. Instead in 1817 he wrote A Review and Complete Abstract of the Reports of the Board of Agriculture as his own criticism of them.
    Further Reading
    Joan Thirsk, 1989, The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. VI (deals with the years 1750 to 1850, the period associated with Marshall).
    Pamela Horn, 1982, William Marshall (1745–1818) and the Georgian Countryside, Beacon (gives a more specific account).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Marshall, William

  • 4 Porta, Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) della

    [br]
    b. between 3 October and 15 November 1535 Vico Equense, near Naples, Italy
    d. 4 February 1615 Naples, Italy
    [br]
    Italian natural philosopher who published many scientific books, one of which covered ideas for the use of steam.
    [br]
    Giambattista della Porta spent most of his life in Naples, where some time before 1580 he established the Accademia dei Segreti, which met at his house. In 1611 he was enrolled among the Oziosi in Naples, then the most renowned literary academy. He was examined by the Inquisition, which, although he had become a lay brother of the Jesuits by 1585, banned all further publication of his books between 1592 and 1598.
    His first book, the Magiae Naturalis, which covered the secrets of nature, was published in 1558. He had been collecting material for it since the age of 15 and he saw that science should not merely represent theory and contemplation but must arrive at practical and experimental expression. In this work he described the hardening of files and pieces of armour on quite a large scale, and it included the best sixteenth-century description of heat treatment for hardening steel. In the 1589 edition of this work he covered ways of improving vision at a distance with concave and convex lenses; although he may have constructed a compound microscope, the history of this instrument effectively begins with Galileo. His theoretical and practical work on lenses paved the way for the telescope and he also explored the properties of parabolic mirrors.
    In 1563 he published a treatise on cryptography, De Furtivis Liter arum Notis, which he followed in 1566 with another on memory and mnemonic devices, Arte del Ricordare. In 1584 and 1585 he published treatises on horticulture and agriculture based on careful study and practice; in 1586 he published De Humana Physiognomonia, on human physiognomy, and in 1588 a treatise on the physiognomy of plants. In 1593 he published his De Refractione but, probably because of the ban by the Inquisition, no more were produced until the Spiritali in 1601 and his translation of Ptolemy's Almagest in 1605. In 1608 two new works appeared: a short treatise on military fortifications; and the De Distillatione. There was an important work on meteorology in 1610. In 1601 he described a device similar to Hero's mechanisms which opened temple doors, only Porta used steam pressure instead of air to force the water out of its box or container, up a pipe to where it emptied out into a higher container. Under the lower box there was a small steam boiler heated by a fire. He may also have been the first person to realize that condensed steam would form a vacuum, for there is a description of another piece of apparatus where water is drawn up into a container at the top of a long pipe. The container was first filled with steam so that, when cooled, a vacuum would be formed and water drawn up into it. These are the principles on which Thomas Savery's later steam-engine worked.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1975, Vol. XI, New York: C.Scribner's Sons (contains a full biography).
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (contains an account of his contributions to the early development of the steam-engine).
    C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vol. III, Oxford University Press (contains accounts of some of his other discoveries).
    I.Asimov (ed.), 1982, Biographical Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology, 2nd edn., New York: Doubleday.
    G.Sarton, 1957, Six wings: Men of Science in the Renaissance, London: Bodley Head, pp. 85–8.
    RLH / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Porta, Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) della

  • 5 Xu Guangqi (Hsu Kuang-Chhi)

    [br]
    b. 1562 China
    d. 1633 China
    [br]
    Chinese writer and reporter on agricultural practice.
    [br]
    Living during the troubled Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi combined his energy and interest in scientific improvement to develop and strengthen the State: his interest in military technology was used in the formation of the defence of the State, whilst his interest in irrigation and crop husbandry was put to use in programmes of famine relief. He was a friend and protector of the Jesuit community in China, and between 1607 and 1610, when he was forced to absent himself from the political scene, he devoted his time to the study of the irrigation systems practised by the Jesuits, and also the cultivation of new crops.
    Stimulated by these studies he continued to collect information on agricultural technology even after he returned to political life. In addition he prepared a number of draft texts of an agricultural treatise, which he intended to provide a practical guide to agricultural practice, but which would also give an indication of the solutions to China's economic problems at the time. Despite the fact that he had amassed a huge amount of material, it was left to the Chinese scholar Chen Ziling (Chhen Tzu-Ling) to edit the draft, which was finally published six years after the death of Xu Guangqi in 1633.
    The treatise, called the Nong Zbeng Quan Shu (Wade-Giles transliteration: Nung Cheng Chhuan Shu), is a massive work quoting from some 299 sources, sometimes verbatim. In addition to parts dealing with husbandry, there are also large sections devoted to rural administration and to the development of rural light industry, as well as to the introduction of cash crops such as cotton. The Ming dynasty fell in 1644, and the policies set out by Xu Guangqi within this treatise were never implemented.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    F.Bray, Vol. VI. 2 in J.Needham (ed.), Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge (devotes an early chapter to her sources in a comprehensive account of Chinese agriculture).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Xu Guangqi (Hsu Kuang-Chhi)

  • 6 Small, James

    [br]
    b. c. 1742 Scotland
    d. 1793 Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish engineer who was first to apply scientific experiment and calculation to the design of ploughs.
    [br]
    James Small served his apprenticeship as a wright and blacksmith at Hutton in Berwickshire, and then travelled for a time in England. It is possible that he learned his trade from the ploughwright Pashley, who ran the "Manufactory" in Rotherham. On his return to Scotland he settled at Blackadder Mount, Berwickshire, and there began to make his ploughs. He used a spring balance to determine the draft of the plough and fashioned the mouldboard from a soft wood so that the wear would show quickly on its surface. Repeated trials indicated the best shape to be adopted, and he had his mouldboards cast at the Carron Ironworks. At trials held at Dalkeith, Small's plough, pulled by two horses, outperformed the old Scotch plough hauled by as many as eight oxen, and his ploughs were soon to be found in all areas of the country. He established workshops in Leith Walk, where he made ploughs and other implements. It was in Edinburgh in 1784 that he published Treatise on Ploughs, in which he set out his methods and calculations. He made no attempt to patent his ideas, feeling that they should be available to all, and the book provided sufficient information for it to be used by his rivals. As a result he died a poor man at the age of 52. His family were supported with a £1,500 subscription raised on their behalf by Sir John Sinclair, President of the Board of Agriculture.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1784, A Treatise on Ploughs and Wheel Carriages.
    Further Reading
    J.B.Passmore, 1930, The English Plough, Reading: University of Reading (provides a history of plough development from the eighth century, and deals in detail with Small's work).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Small, James

  • 7 traité

    traite [tʀεt]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = trafic) traite des Noirs slave trade
       b. ( = billet) bill
       c. [de vache] milking
       d. ► d'une (seule) traite [parcourir] in one go ; [dire] in one breath ; [boire] in one gulp ; [dormir] uninterruptedly
    * * *
    tʀɛt
    1.
    1) Finance draft, bill
    2) ( commerce)

    la traite des Noirs — Histoire the slave trade

    3) Agriculture milking

    2.
    d'une traite locution adverbiale

    d'une (seule) traite — [réciter] in one breath; [boire] in one go

    * * *
    tʀɛt nf
    1) COMMERCE draft
    2) AGRICULTURE milking
    3) (= trajet)

    d'une traite; d'une seule traite — without stopping, without stopping once

    * * *
    A nf
    1 Fin draft, bill; tirer/escompter une traite to draw/to discount a draft;
    2 ( commerce de personnes) traite des êtres humains prostitution; la traite des Blanches the white slave trade; Hist la traite des Noirs the slave trade;
    3 Agric milking; la traite des vaches milking cows; l'heure de la traite milking time; la traite mécanique machine milking; salle de traite milking shed.
    B d'une traite loc adv d'une (seule) traite [réciter] in one breath; [boire] in one go; faire 500 km d'une (seule) traite to do 500 km non-stop ou at a stretch.
    traite documentaire documentary bill.
    [trete] nom masculin
    1. [accord] treaty
    2. [ouvrage] treatise

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > traité

  • 8 Blith, Walter

    [br]
    b. Seventeenth century Warwickshire, England
    d. Seventeenth century England
    [br]
    [br]
    Blith was the son of a cereal and dairy farmer from the Forest of Arden. He wrote a treatise on farming which was of contemporary value in its description of drainage and water meadows, both subjects of particular relevance in the mid-seventeenth century. The book, The English Improver, contains illustrations of agricultural equipment which have become an almost obligatory inclusion in any book on agricultural history. His understanding of the plough is apparent from the text and illustrations, and his was an important step in the understanding of the scientific principles to be applied to its later design. The introduction to the book is addressed to both Houses of Parliament, and is very much an attempt to highlight and seek solutions to the problems of the agriculture of the day. In it he advocates the passing of legislation to improve agricultural practice, whether this be for the destruction of moles or for the compulsory planting of trees to replace those felled.
    Blith himself became a captain in the Roundhead Army during the English Civil War, and even added a dedication to Cromwell in the introduction to his second book, The English Improver Improved, published in 1652. This book contains additional information on both practice and crops, an expansion in knowledge which presumably owes something to Blith's employment as a surveyor of Crown lands between 1649 and 1650. He himself bought and farmed such land in Northamptonshire. His advice on the choice of land for particular crops and the implements of best use for that land expressed ideas in advance of their times, and it was to be almost a century before his writings were taken up and developed.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1649, The English Improver; or, A New Survey of Husbandry Discovering to the Kingdom That Some Land, Both Arable and Pasture May be Advance Double or Treble, and Some five or Tenfold.
    1652, The English Improver Improved.
    Further Reading
    J.Thirsk (ed.), 1985, The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. II (deals with Blith and the agriculture of his time).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Blith, Walter

  • 9 исследование

    1) General subject: analysis, disquisition, essay, examination, exploration, exploration (географическое и т.п.), exploring, inquest, inquiry, investigation, observation, paper, research, search, study, survey, test, treatise, uroscopy, zetetic, scrutiny, verification, stability bracketing study (Сокращенное исследование стабильности, которое предполагает только анализ предельных значений по всему временному отрезку, например дозы, объема пачки, наполнения контейнера и т.д.), discovery
    2) Geology: reconnaissance
    3) Biology: (научное) research
    4) Naval: searching
    6) Engineering: prospecting (напр. района), research work
    7) Bookish: inquisition
    8) Agriculture: examining
    11) Railway term: analysing
    13) Automobile industry: probe, probing, proving
    14) Polygraphy: analyzing
    15) Electronics: surveying
    17) Oil: studies, studying
    18) Geophysics: inspection, works
    19) Atomic energy: work up
    20) Ecology: procedure, profile
    21) Advertising: research project
    22) Business: enquiry
    24) Cables: analysis (мн.ч. analyses), exploration (районов земли, космоса и т.п.), inquiry (изучение конкретной проблемы), investigation (изучение конкретной проблемы)
    25) Aviation medicine: evaluation
    27) oil&gas: test procedure

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > исследование

  • 10 γεωπονικός

    A of or for agriculture, Gal.16.311; τὰ γ. title of treatise on the subject compiled by Cassianus Bassus.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > γεωπονικός

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